JEL classification

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Journal of Economic Literature Classification (10696) A - General Economics and Teaching (87) A1 - General Economics (78) A10 - General (9) A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists (13) A12 - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines (16) A14 - Sociology of Economics (13) A19 - Other (1) A2 - Economics Education and Teaching of Economics (8) A20 - General (2) A22 - Undergraduate (2) A3 - Multisubject Collective Works (4) A30 - General (1) A31 - Multisubject Collected Writings of Individuals (1) B - Schools of Economic Thought and Methodology (110) B0 - General (11) B00 - General (10) B1 - History of Economic Thought through 1925 (11) B10 - General (4) B11 - Preclassical (2) B12 - Classical (3) B13 - Neoclassical through 1925 (3) B14 - Socialist; Marxist (1) B2 - History of Economic Thought since 1925 (38) B20 - General (14) B21 - Microeconomics (6) B22 - Macroeconomics (9) B23 - History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative and Mathematical Studies (2) B24 - Socialist; Marxist (1) B25 - Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian (6) B29 - Other (1) B3 - History of Thought: Individuals (19) B30 - General (1) B31 - Individuals (15) B4 - Economic Methodology (35) B40 - General (11) B41 - Economic Methodology (17) B49 - Other (3) B5 - Current Heterodox Approaches (23) B50 - General (2) B51 - Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian (2) B52 - Institutional; Evolutionary (5) B53 - Austrian (1) B54 - Feminist Economics (9) B59 - Other (2) C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods (1374) C0 - General (82) C00 - General (32) C01 - Econometrics (10) C02 - Mathematical Methods (18) C1 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: General (382) C10 - General (38) C11 - Bayesian Analysis (32) C12 - Hypothesis Testing (54) C13 - Estimation (136) C14 - Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods (144) C15 - Statistical Simulation Methods; Monte Carlo Methods; Bootstrap Methods (41) C16 - Specific Distributions (4) C19 - Other (5) C2 - Econometric Methods: Single Equation Models; Single Variables (285) C20 - General (9) C21 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models (78) C22 - Time-Series Models (101) C23 - Models with Panel Data (85) C24 - Truncated and Censored Models (16) C25 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models (29) C29 - Other (3) C3 - Econometric Methods: Multiple; Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables; Endogenous Regressors (184) C30 - General (18) C31 - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models (27) C32 - Time-Series Models (85) C33 - Models with Panel Data (33) C34 - Truncated and Censored Models (6) C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models (12) C39 - Other (5) C4 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics (56) C40 - General (2) C41 - Duration Analysis (13) C42 - Survey Methods (3) C43 - Index Numbers and Aggregation (20) C44 - Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research (4) C45 - Neural Networks and Related Topics (5) C46 - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Specific Distributions (7) C5 - Econometric Modeling (171) C50 - General (35) C51 - Model Construction and Estimation (45) C52 - Model Evaluation and Selection (54) C53 - Forecasting and Other Model Applications (48) C59 - Other (3) C6 - Mathematical Methods and Programming (152) C60 - General (11) C61 - Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis (64) C62 - Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium (14) C63 - Computational Techniques (41) C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools (6) C67 - Input- (5) C68 - Computable General Equilibrium Models (18) C69 - Other (4) C7 - Game Theory and Bargaining Theory (176) C70 - General (21) C71 - Cooperative Games (6) C72 - Noncooperative Games (60) C73 - Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games (29) C78 - Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory (36) C79 - Other (13) C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs (65) C80 - General (13) C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data (38) C82 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data (7) C87 - Econometric Software (1) C88 - Other Computer Software (2) C89 - Other (1) C9 - Design of Experiments (133) C90 - General (26) C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior (46) C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior (20) C93 - Field Experiments (48) C99 - Other (4) D - Microeconomics (2307) D0 - General (103) D00 - General (30) D01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles (23) D02 - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations (32) D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics (286) D10 - General (51) D11 - Consumer Economics: Theory (25) D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis (96) D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation (36) D14 - Personal Finance (59) D18 - Consumer Protection (4) D19 - Other (5) D2 - Production and Organizations (307) D20 - General (37) D21 - Firm Behavior (68) D23 - Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights (90) D24 - Production; Cost; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity (109) D29 - Other (2) D3 - Distribution (337) D30 - General (37) D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions (288) D33 - Factor Income Distribution (6) D4 - Market Structure and Pricing (136) D40 - General (24) D41 - Perfect Competition (4) D42 - Monopoly (9) D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection (33) D44 - Auctions (51) D45 - Rationing; Licensing (1) D46 - Value Theory (7) D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium (101) D50 - General (13) D51 - Exchange and Production Economies (6) D52 - Incomplete Markets (43) D53 - Financial Markets (24) D57 - Input-Output Tables and Analysis (5) D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models (18) D6 - Welfare Economics (413) D60 - General (67) D61 - Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis (51) D62 - Externalities (37) D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement (233) D64 - Altruism (23) D69 - Other (3) D7 - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making (389) D70 - General (37) D72 - Economic Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior (209) D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption (39) D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances (59) D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation (35) D79 - Other (1) D8 - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty (632) D80 - General (58) D81 - Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty (117) D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information (217) D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief (172) D84 - Expectations; Speculations (36) D85 - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory (25) D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory (45) D89 - Other (18) D9 - Intertemporal Choice and Growth (156) D90 - General (38) D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving (83) D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing (24) D99 - Other (3) E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics (1324) E0 - General (108) E00 - General (43) E01 - Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth (33) E1 - General Aggregative Models (90) E10 - General (25) E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary (4) E12 - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian (19) E13 - Neoclassical (16) E17 - Forecasting and Simulation (17) E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment (431) E20 - General (25) E21 - Macroeconomics: Consumption; Saving; Aggregate Physical and Financial Consumer Wealth (99) E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity (73) E23 - Production (64) E24 - Macroeconomics: Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution (includes wage indexation) (189) E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution (14) E26 - Informal Economy; Underground Economy (9) E27 - Forecasting and Simulation (12) E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles (374) E30 - General (35) E31 - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation (109) E32 - Business Fluctuations; Cycles (221) E37 - Forecasting and Simulation (23) E4 - Money and Interest Rates (278) E40 - General (31) E41 - Demand for Money (18) E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System (43) E43 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates (62) E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy (129) E47 - Forecasting and Simulation (13) E49 - Other (3) E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit (354) E50 - General (56) E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers (23) E52 - Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects) (191) E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies (116) E59 - Other (4) E6 - Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and General Outlook (228) E60 - General (34) E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination (45) E62 - Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance; Taxation (101) E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization (35) E64 - Incomes Policy; Price Policy (4) E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes (16) E66 - General Outlook and Conditions (5) F - International Economics (1393) F0 - General (108) F00 - General (29) F01 - Global Outlook (22) F02 - International Economic Order (27) F1 - Trade (619) F10 - General (132) F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade (34) F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies (121) F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Trade Organizations (119) F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade (192) F15 - Economic Integration (157) F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions (68) F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation (19) F18 - Trade and Environment (16) F19 - Other (4) F2 - International Factor Movements and International Business (259) F20 - General (12) F21 - International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements (58) F22 - International Migration (55) F23 - Multinational Firms; International Business (137) F3 - International Finance (357) F30 - General (51) F31 - Foreign Exchange (93) F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions (62) F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems (59) F35 - Foreign Aid (17) F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration (56) F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation (17) F4 - Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance (224) F40 - General (20) F41 - Open Economy Macroeconomics (101) F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission (25) F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies (38) F47 - Forecasting and Simulation (8) F5 - International Relations and International Political Economy (201) F50 - General (30) F51 - International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions (28) F52 - National Security; Economic Nationalism (10) F53 - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations (53) F54 - Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism (14) F59 - International Relations and International Political Economy: Other (60) G - Financial Economics (1812) G0 - General (182) G00 - General (134) G1 - General Financial Markets (925) G10 - General (193) G11 - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions (207) G12 - Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates (316) G13 - Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing (61) G14 - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies (173) G15 - International Financial Markets (129) G18 - Government Policy and Regulation (106) G19 - Other (3) G2 - Financial Institutions and Services (659) G20 - General (110) G21 - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages (260) G22 - Insurance; Insurance Companies (55) G23 - Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions (105) G24 - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Rating Agencies (72) G28 - Government Policy and Regulation (141) G29 - Other (1) G3 - Corporate Finance and Governance (486) G30 - General (93) G31 - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies (42) G32 - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure (206) G33 - Bankruptcy; Liquidation (46) G34 - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance (141) G35 - Payout Policy (6) G38 - Government Policy and Regulation (58) G39 - Other (3) H - Public Economics (1336) H0 - General (148) H00 - General (67) H1 - Structure and Scope of Government (146) H10 - General (34) H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government (96) H19 - Other (2) H2 - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue (399) H20 - General (78) H21 - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation (43) H22 - Incidence (17) H23 - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies (126) H24 - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies (54) H25 - Business Taxes and Subsidies (42) H26 - Tax Evasion (43) H27 - Other Sources of Revenue (5) H29 - Other (2) H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents (133) H30 - General (58) H31 - Household (31) H32 - Firm (25) H39 - Other (2) H4 - Publicly Provided Goods (164) H40 - General (31) H41 - Public Goods (64) H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods (24) H44 - Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets (6) H49 - Other (1) H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies (295) H50 - General (51) H51 - Government Expenditures and Health (28) H52 - Government Expenditures and Education (27) H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs (46) H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock (24) H56 - National Security and War (22) H57 - Procurement (14) H59 - Other (2) H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt (122) H60 - General (31) H61 - Budget; Budget Systems (18) H62 - Deficit; Surplus (16) H63 - Debt; Debt Management (57) H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations (182) H70 - General (31) H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue (30) H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures (20) H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects (8) H74 - State and Local Borrowing (3) H75 - State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare (55) H76 - State and Local Government: Infrastructures; Procurement; Public Safety; Penal Systems; Other Expenditure Categories (9) H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession (28) H79 - Other (2) H8 - Miscellaneous Issues (38) H80 - General (5) H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits (10) H83 - Public Administration (14) H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods (6) H89 - Other (2) I - Health, Education, and Welfare (1602) I0 - General (103) I00 - General (83) I1 - Health (663) I10 - General (140) I11 - Analysis of Health Care Markets (96) I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Suicide, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior (203) I18 - Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health (305) I19 - Other (20) I2 - Education (376) I20 - General (126) I21 - Analysis of Education (108) I22 - Educational Finance (28) I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions (53) I28 - Government Policy (73) I29 - Other (7) I3 - Welfare and Poverty (576) I30 - General (98) I31 - General Welfare; Basic Needs; Living Standards; Quality of Life; Happiness (186) I32 - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty (129) I38 - Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs (188) I39 - Other (16) J - Labor and Demographic Economics (1978) J0 - General (147) J00 - General (58) J01 - Labor Economics: General (35) J08 - Labor Economics Policies (23) J1 - Demographic Economics (490) J10 - General (26) J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts (36) J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure (55) J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth (144) J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped (48) J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination (70) J16 - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination (159) J17 - Value of Life; Forgone Income (4) J18 - Public Policy (52) J19 - Other (1) J2 - Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation; Human Capital; Retirement (636) J20 - General (37) J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure (100) J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply (126) J23 - Employment Determination; Job Creation; Demand for Labor; Self-Employment (91) J24 - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity (295) J26 - Retirement; Retirement Policies (19) J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy (39) J29 - Other (1) J3 - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs (507) J30 - General (61) J31 - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc. (304) J32 - Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions (28) J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods (98) J38 - Public Policy (27) J39 - Other (1) J4 - Particular Labor Markets (210) J40 - General (29) J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital, Matching Models, Efficiency Wage Models, and Internal Labor Markets (57) J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets (46) J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets (3) J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations (28) J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets (39) J48 - Public Policy (10) J49 - Other (1) J5 - Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining (163) J50 - General (31) J51 - Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects (74) J52 - Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining (15) J53 - Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence (33) J54 - Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms (10) J58 - Public Policy (7) J6 - Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies (477) J60 - General (36) J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers (128) J62 - Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility (84) J63 - Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs (79) J64 - Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search (134) J65 - Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings (40) J68 - Public Policy (27) J7 - Labor Discrimination (67) J70 - General (7) J71 - Discrimination (39) J78 - Public Policy (7) J8 - Labor Standards: National and International (50) J80 - General (9) J81 - Working Conditions (20) J82 - Labor Force Composition (7) J83 - Workers' Rights (2) J88 - Public Policy (6) K - Law and Economics (302) K0 - General (26) K00 - General (13) K1 - Basic Areas of Law (46) K10 - General (5) K11 - Property Law (12) K12 - Contract Law (16) K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability (2) K14 - Criminal Law (10) K19 - Other (5) K2 - Regulation and Business Law (73) K20 - General (16) K21 - Antitrust Law (5) K22 - Corporation and Securities Law (37) K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law (9) K29 - Other (4) K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law (61) K30 - General (1) K31 - Labor Law (17) K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law (11) K33 - International Law (17) K34 - Tax Law (16) K39 - Other (1) K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior (124) K40 - General (30) K41 - Litigation Process (19) K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law (73) K49 - Other (1) L - Industrial Organization (954) L0 - General (49) L00 - General (15) L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance (308) L10 - General (38) L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms (96) L12 - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies (9) L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets (53) L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks (48) L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility (14) L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices (12) L17 - Open Source Products and Markets (1) L19 - Other (1) L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior (365) L20 - General (65) L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm (19) L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies; Vertical Integration; Conglomerates; Subsidiaries (76) L23 - Organization of Production (65) L24 - Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing (18) L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification and Scope, Age, Profit, and Sales (90) L29 - Other (10) L3 - Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise (52) L30 - General (6) L31 - Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs (17) L32 - Public Enterprises (11) L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting Out (21) L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies (40) L40 - General (7) L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices (9) L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts (4) L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation (7) L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations (3) L5 - Regulation and Industrial Policy (107) L50 - General (18) L51 - Economics of Regulation (45) L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods (22) L53 - Government Promotion of Firms (4) L59 - Other (2) L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing (97) L60 - General (41) L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics (4) L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment (11) L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment (10) L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments (1) L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology (9) L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco (7) L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather (5) L68 - Appliances; Other Consumer Durables (3) L69 - Other (1) L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction (19) L70 - General (4) L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels (6) L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources (2) L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper (4) L74 - Construction (2) L79 - Other (1) L8 - Industry Studies: Services (105) L80 - General (6) L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-Commerce (15) L82 - Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.) (29) L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism (17) L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services (6) L85 - Real Estate Services (3) L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software (30) L87 - Postal and Delivery Services (2) L88 - Government Policy (2) L89 - Other (1) L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities (62) L90 - General (1) L91 - Transportation: General (9) L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports (9) L93 - Air Transportation (6) L94 - Electric Utilities (12) L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities (2) L96 - Telecommunications (20) L97 - Utilities: General (3) L98 - Government Policy (4) M - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting (514) M0 - General (22) M00 - General (5) M1 - Business Administration (169) M10 - General (18) M11 - Production Management (18) M12 - Personnel Management (54) M13 - Entrepreneurship (49) M19 - Other (1) M2 - Business Economics (65) M20 - General (18) M21 - Business Economics (18) M3 - Marketing and Advertising (47) M30 - General (9) M31 - Marketing (17) M37 - Advertising (15) M4 - Accounting and Auditing (106) M40 - General (15) M41 - Accounting (78) M42 - Auditing (12) M49 - Other (2) M5 - Personnel Economics (160) M50 - General (16) M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporary workers, seniority issues) (18) M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (stock options, fringe benefits, incentives, family support programs, seniority issues) (70) M53 - Training (12) M54 - Labor Management (team formation, worker empowerment, job design, tasks and authority, work arrangemetns, job satisfaction) (40) M55 - Labor Contracting Devices: Outsourcing; Franchising; Other (12) N - Economic History (877) N0 - General (63) N00 - General (44) N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods (13) N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations (266) N10 - General, International, or Comparative (61) N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (7) N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (18) N13 - Europe: Pre-1913 (58) N14 - Europe: 1913- (58) N15 - Asia including Middle East (65) N16 - Latin America; Caribbean (12) N17 - Africa; Oceania (10) N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions (131) N20 - General, International, or Comparative (46) N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (20) N23 - Europe: Pre-1913 (23) N24 - Europe: 1913- (22) N25 - Asia including Middle East (13) N26 - Latin America; Caribbean (7) N27 - Africa; Oceania (6) N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income, and Wealth (278) N30 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: General, International, or Comparative (Migration) (45) N31 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (16) N32 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: U.S.; Canada: 1913- (9) N33 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: Europe: Pre-1913 (107) N34 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: Europe: 1913- (55) N35 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: Asia including Middle East (41) N36 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: Latin America; Caribbean (16) N37 - Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Income and Wealth: Africa; Oceania (8) N4 - Government, War, Law, and Regulation (127) N40 - General, International, or Comparative (30) N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (1) N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (2) N43 - Europe: Pre-1913 (28) N44 - Europe: 1913- (23) N45 - Asia including Middle East (32) N46 - Latin America; Caribbean (5) N47 - Africa; Oceania (12) N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries (64) N50 - General, International, or Comparative (9) N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (5) N53 - Europe: Pre-1913 (17) N54 - Europe: 1913- (4) N55 - Asia including Middle East (25) N56 - Latin America; Caribbean (2) N57 - Africa; Oceania (8) N6 - Manufacturing and Construction (29) N60 - General, International, or Comparative (2) N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (1) N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (3) N63 - Europe: Pre-1913 (12) N64 - Europe: 1913- (4) N65 - Asia including Middle East (6) N67 - Africa; Oceania (1) N7 - Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services (103) N70 - General, International, or Comparative (16) N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (4) N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (3) N73 - Europe: Pre-1913 (45) N74 - Europe: 1913- (27) N75 - Asia including Middle East (12) N76 - Latin America; Caribbean (1) N77 - Africa; Oceania (6) N8 - Micro-Business History (32) N80 - General, International, or Comparative (10) N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (1) N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (2) N83 - Europe: Pre-1913 (9) N84 - Europe: 1913- (4) N85 - Asia including Middle East (3) N87 - Africa; Oceania (2) N9 - Regional and Urban History (82) N90 - General, International, or Comparative (6) N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913 (1) N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913- (3) N93 - Europe: Pre-1913 (23) N94 - Europe: 1913- (21) N95 - Asia including Middle East (15) N96 - Latin America; Caribbean (3) N97 - Africa; Oceania (2) O - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth (1824) O1 - Economic Development (916) O10 - General (123) O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development (93) O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development (101) O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products (91) O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology (89) O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration (135) O16 - Economic Development: Financial Markets; 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